Idiopathic burning sensation of the oral mucosa with no apparent underlying cause.
Etiology and pathogenesis is unknown (appears to be multifactorial) with a possible neuropathic basis.
Presentation
Population
a. Middle-aged and elderly adults
b. Predominantly in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
Signs
a. Onset is usually spontaneous, but previous trauma or dental treatment may be precipitating factors
b. Most commonly a bilateral burning sensation of the tongue, lips, and/or palate
c. Often presents with xerostomia
d. Can be associated with anxiety, depression, and/or poor “quality of life”
Symptoms
a. Continuous burning sensation of the tongue, hard palate, and/or lips
b. Sensations may be described as dry, sandy, or numb; may be associated with other dysethetic changes
c. Pain is sometimes reported to be mitigated by eating or gum chewing
d. Often associated with loss of taste or changes in taste (e.g., phantom taste)
Investigation
a. Thoroughly review the patient’s medical history for diseases and disorders with related oral symptoms
b. Perform an oral examination that may include adjunctive laboratory studies when indicated (i.e., biopsy, fungal smear, blood test, etc.) to diagnose mucosal changes and assess and rule out systemic conditions which may cause a burning sensation of the oral mucosa.
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Diagnosis
Based on clinical examination and adjunctive laboratory assessments, if all local and systemic causes for burning pain can be excluded, a diagnosis of idiopathic burning mouth syndrome may be determined.
Differential Diagnosis
a. Mucosal irritation due to: Rough restoration or rough/ill-fitting prosthesis, parafunctional habits (e.g., cheek biting or tongue rubbing/biting) Contact hypersensitivity to oral hygiene product, food, or dental material Smoking
b. Hyposalivation due to: Autoimmune disease (e.g., Sjögren syndrome) Radiation treatment to the head and neck Medication-related side effects
c. Mucocutaneous conditions (e.g., lichen planus, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus) Migratory glossitis (geographic tongue)
d. Candidiasis
e. Deficiency in vitamins and minerals (e.g., vitamin B12, folic acid, iron, zinc)
f. Endocrine issues (e.g., diabetes, hypothyroidism)
Treatment
Common Initial Treatments
a. Sucking on ice chips
b. Drinking cold water frequently
c. Avoiding alcohol, food, oral products, or habits which may exacerbate symptoms
Alternate Treatments
a. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), clonazepam, and possibly alpha-lipoic acid have shown to be effective in reducing symptoms.
b. Antidepressants and anticonvulsants are commonly prescribed; however, there is a lack of experimental evidence to support their effectiveness in the treatment of idiopathic burning mouth. They are nonetheless established in other neuropathic pain conditions.
Advice
a. Acknowledge and reassure the patient, as patient frustration and dissatisfaction is very common.
b. Treatment is difficult and challenging. Referral to a clinically-active specialist in oral medicine/oral pathology is recommended, with further medical management if the patient has other complex issues which may be contributing to the pain complaints.
c. Realistic treatment goals should be set. Management is primarily supportive and aimed at symptom reduction rather than symptom elimination.
Fuente: jcda.ca
Deepika Chugh, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C); David Mock, DDS, FRCD(C), PhD
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